2016 QUARTER 02

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W

Describe the difficulty of finding globally optimal solutions for problems with many local optima
Explain how evolutionary algorithms may be used to search for solutions
Explain the important advantage that GA methods may offer to find diverse near-optimal solutions
Explain how a GA searches for solutions by using selection proportional to fitness, crossover, and (very low levels of) mutation to fitness criteria and crossover mutation to search for a globally optimal solution to a problem
Compare and contrast the effectiveness of multiple search criteria for finding the optimal solution with a simple greedy hill climbing approach

Describe ways in which a geographic entity can be created from one or more others
Discuss the effects of temporal scale on the modeling of genealogical structures
Describe the genealogy (as identity-based change or temporal relationships) of particular geographic phenomena
Determine whether it is important to represent the genealogy of entities for a particular application

Create an artificial genome that can be used in a genetic algorithm to solve a specific problem
Describe a cluster in a way that could be represented in a genome
Explain how and why the representation of a GA’s chromosome strings can enhance or hinder the effectiveness of the GA
Use one of the many freely available GA packages to apply a GA to implement a simple genetic algorithm to a simple problem, such as optimizing the location of one or more facilities or optimizing the selection of habitat for a nature preserve geospatial pattern optimization (such as for finding clusters of disease points)
Describe a potential solution for a problem in a way that could be represented in a chromosome and evaluated according to some measure of fitness (such as the total distance everyone travels to the facility or the diversity of plants and animals that would be protected) genome

Distinguish between various latitude definitions (e.g., geocentric, geodetic, astronomic latitudes)
Explain the angular measurements represented by latitude and longitude coordinates
Calculate the latitude and longitude coordinates of a given location on the map using the coordinate grid ticks in the collar of a topographic map and the appropriate interpolation formula
Mathematically express the relationship between Cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates
Calculate the uncertainty of a ground position defined by latitude and longitude coordinates specified in decimal degrees to a given number of decimal places
Use GIS software and base data encoded as geographic coordinates to geocode a list of address-referenced locations
Locate on a globe the positions represented by latitude and longitude coordinates
Write an algorithm that converts geographic coordinates from decimal degrees (DD) to degrees, minutes, seconds (DMS) format

Define the properties that make a phenomenon geographic
Explore the history of geography including (but not limited to) Greek and Roman contributions to geography (Eratosthenes, Strabo, Ptolemy), geography and cartography in the age of discovery, military geography, and geography since the Quantitative Revolution
Justify or refute whether geography (as a discipline) should have a central role in GIS&T
Discuss the differing denotations and connotations of the terms spatial, geographic, and geospatial
Justify a chosen position on which disciplines should have as important a role in GIS&T as geography
Describe some insights that a spatial perspective can contribute to a given topic

State the geometric accuracies associated with the various orders of the U.S. horizontal geodetic control network
State the approximate number and spacing of control points in each order of the horizontal geodetic control network
Explain the factors that influence the geometric accuracy of data produced with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers
Explain the concept of dilution of precision
Describe the impact of the concept of dilution of precision on the uncertainty of GPS positioning
Explain the principle of differential correction in relation to the Global Positioning System
Apply the National Map Accuracy Standard to calculate the accuracy associated with the various USGS topographic map scales
Compare the National Map Accuracy Standard with the ASPRS Coordinate Standard
In contrast to the National Map Accuracy Standard, explain how the spatial accuracy of a digital road centerlines data set may be evaluated and documented
Explain the formula for calculating root mean square error
Compare the concepts of geometric accuracy and topological fidelity
Describe how geometric accuracy should be documented in terms of the FGDC metadata standard
Explain how geometric accuracies associated with the various orders of the U.S. horizontal geodetic control network are assured

Identify the three fundamental dimensionalities used to represent points, lines, and areas
Describe the data models used to encode coordinates as points, lines, or polygons
Critique the assumptions that are made in representing the world as points, lines, and polygons
Evaluate the correspondence between geographic phenomena and the shapes used to represent them

Differentiate rectification and orthorectification
Identify and explain an equation used to perform image-to-map registration
Identify and explain an equation used to perform image-to-image registration
Use GIS software to transform a given dataset to a specified coordinate system, projection, and datum
Explain the role and selection criteria for “ground control points” (GCPs) in the georegistration of aerial imagery

Compare and contrast the assumptions and performance of parametric and non-parametric approaches to multivariate data classification
Describe three algorithms that are commonly used to conduct geospatial data classification
Explain the effect of including geospatial contiguity as an explicit neighborhood classification criterion
Compare and contrast the results of the neural approach to those obtained using more traditional Gaussian maximum likelihood classification (available in most remote sensing systems)

Discuss the status of professional and academic certification in GIS&T
Identify the standard occupational codes that are relevant to GIS&T
Identify the qualifications needed for a particular GIS&T position
Discuss how a code of ethics might be applied within an organization
Explain why it has been difficult for many agencies and organizations to define positions and roles for GIS&T professionals
Describe the differences between licensing, certification, and accreditation in relation to GIS&T positions and qualifications

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