2016 QUARTER 03

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W

Define “friction surface”
Apply the principles of friction surfaces in the calculation of least-cost paths
Explain how friction surfaces are enhanced by the use of impedance and barriers

Define the following terms: data, information, knowledge, and wisdom
Describe the limitations of various information stores for representing geographic information, including the mind, computers, graphics, and text
Transform a conceptual model of information for a particular task into a data model

Identify potential sources of funding (internal and external) for a project or enterprise GIS
Create proposals and presentations to secure funding
Analyze previous attempts at funding to identify successful and unsuccessful techniques

Compare and contrast Boolean and fuzzy logical operations
Compare and contrast several operators for fuzzy aggregation, including those for intersect and union
Exemplify one use of fuzzy aggregation operators
Describe how an approach to map overlay analysis might be different if region boundaries were fuzzy rather than crisp
Describe fuzzy aggregation operators

Describe how linear functions are used to fuzzify input data (i.e., mapping domain values to linguistic variables)
Support or refute the statement by Lotfi Zadeh, that “As complexity rises, precise statements lose meaning and meaningful statements lose precision,” as it relates to GIS&T
Explain why fuzzy logic, rather then Boolean algebra models, can be useful for representing real world boundaries between different tree species

Describe ways in which a geographic entity can be created from one or more others
Discuss the effects of temporal scale on the modeling of genealogical structures
Describe the genealogy (as identity-based change or temporal relationships) of particular geographic phenomena
Determine whether it is important to represent the genealogy of entities for a particular application

Create an artificial genome that can be used in a genetic algorithm to solve a specific problem
Describe a cluster in a way that could be represented in a genome
Explain how and why the representation of a GA’s chromosome strings can enhance or hinder the effectiveness of the GA
Use one of the many freely available GA packages to apply a GA to implement a simple genetic algorithm to a simple problem, such as optimizing the location of one or more facilities or optimizing the selection of habitat for a nature preserve geospatial pattern optimization (such as for finding clusters of disease points)
Describe a potential solution for a problem in a way that could be represented in a chromosome and evaluated according to some measure of fitness (such as the total distance everyone travels to the facility or the diversity of plants and animals that would be protected) genome

Describe the difficulty of finding globally optimal solutions for problems with many local optima
Explain how evolutionary algorithms may be used to search for solutions
Explain the important advantage that GA methods may offer to find diverse near-optimal solutions
Explain how a GA searches for solutions by using selection proportional to fitness, crossover, and (very low levels of) mutation to fitness criteria and crossover mutation to search for a globally optimal solution to a problem
Compare and contrast the effectiveness of multiple search criteria for finding the optimal solution with a simple greedy hill climbing approach

Select appropriate projections for world or regional scales that are suited to specific map purposes and phenomena with specific directional orientations or thematic areal aggregations
Determine the parameters needed to optimize the pattern of scale distortion that is associated with a given map projection for a particular mapping goal and area of interest
Diagnose an inappropriate projection choice for a given map and suggest an alternative
Construct a map projection suited to a given purpose and geographic location
Identify the most salient projection property of various generic mapping goals (e.g., choropleth map, navigation chart, flow map)
Identify the map projections commonly used for certain types of maps
Explain why certain map projection properties have been associated with specific map types

Distinguish between various latitude definitions (e.g., geocentric, geodetic, astronomic latitudes)
Explain the angular measurements represented by latitude and longitude coordinates
Calculate the latitude and longitude coordinates of a given location on the map using the coordinate grid ticks in the collar of a topographic map and the appropriate interpolation formula
Mathematically express the relationship between Cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates
Calculate the uncertainty of a ground position defined by latitude and longitude coordinates specified in decimal degrees to a given number of decimal places
Use GIS software and base data encoded as geographic coordinates to geocode a list of address-referenced locations
Locate on a globe the positions represented by latitude and longitude coordinates
Write an algorithm that converts geographic coordinates from decimal degrees (DD) to degrees, minutes, seconds (DMS) format

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