2018 QUARTER 01

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W

Describe how scientists’ understanding of the Earth’s shape has evolved throughout history
Describe the contributions of key individuals (e.g., Eratosthenes, Newton, Picard, Bouguer, LaPlace, La Candamine) to scientists’ understanding of the Earth’s shape
Explain how technological and mathematical advances have led to more sophisticated knowledge about the Earth’s shape
Describe and critique early efforts to measure the Earth’s size and shape

Discuss appropriate applications of the various datum transformation options
Explain the difference between NAD 27 and NAD 83 in terms of ellipsoid parameters
Outline the historical development of horizontal datums
Explain the difference in coordinate specifications for the same position when referenced to NAD 27 and NAD 83
Explain the rationale for updating NAD 27 to NAD 83
Explain why all GPS data are originally referenced to the WGS 84 datum
Identify which datum transformation options are available and unavailable in a GIS software package
Define “horizontal datum” in terms of the relationship between a coordinate system and an approximation of the Earth’s surface
Describe the limitations of a Molodenski transformation and in what circumstances a higher parameter transformation such as Helmert may be appropriate
Determine the impact of a datum transformation from NAD 27 to NAD 83 for a given location using a conversion routine maintained by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey
Explain the methodology employed by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey to transform control points from NAD 27 to NAD 83
Perform a Molodenski transformation manually
Use GIS software to perform a datum transformation

Identify the sequence of operations and statistical/mathematical methods (a procedure) appropriate for a particular application (e.g., multi-criteria evaluation for site suitability)
Implement a pre-defined procedure for a sample dataset
Develop a planned analytical procedure to solve a new unstructured problem (e.g., long-term business strategy)
Critique the necessity of the operations used in a pre-defined procedure for a particular application (e.g., suitability analysis)

Compare and contrast the impacts of different conversion approaches, including the effect on spatial components
Create a flowchart showing the sequence of transformations on a data set (e.g., geometric and radiometric correction and mosaicking of remotely sensed data)
Prioritize a set of algorithms designed to perform transformations based on the need to maintain data integrity (e.g., converting a digital elevation model into a TIN)

Discuss the importance of planning for implementation as opposed to “winging it”
Discuss pros and cons of different implementation strategies (e.g., spiral development versus waterfall development) given the needs of a particular system
Create a budget for the resources needed to implement the system
Create a schedule for the implementation of a geospatial system based on a complete design

Describe the advantages and disadvantages to an organization in using GIS portal information from other organizations
Describe how inter-organization GIS portals may impact or influence issues related to social equity, privacy and data access
Discuss how distributed GIS&T may affect the nature of organizations and relationships among institutions
Suggest the possible societal and ethical implications of distributed GIS&T

Select two effective methods of overcoming resistance to change
Illustrate how methods for overcoming resistance to change can aid implementation of a GIS
Explain how resistance to change and the need to standardize operations when trying to incorporate GIS&T can promote inclusion into existing job classifications

Discuss the contributions of early attempts to integrate the concepts of space, time, and attribute in geographic information, such as Berry (1964) and Sinton (1978)
Determine whether phenomena or applications exist that are not adequately represented in an existing comprehensive model
Discuss the degree to which these models can be implemented using current technologies
Design data models for specific applications based on these comprehensive general models
Illustrate major integrated models of geographic information, such as Peuquet’s triad, Mennis’ pyramid, and Yuan’s three-domain

Define alternatives to the Tietz and Bart heuristic
Outline the Tietz and Bart interchange heuristic
Describe the process whereby an element within a random solution is exchanged, and if it improves the solution, it is accepted, and if not, it is rejected and another element is tried until no improvement occurs in the objective function value

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