2016 QUARTER 02

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W

Describe the problem of conflation associated with aggregation of data collected at different times, from different sources, and to different scales and accuracy requirements
Explain how geostatistical techniques might be used to address such problems

Describe emerging geographical analysis techniques in geocomputation derived from artificial intelligence (e.g., expert systems, artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, and software agents)
Explain how to recognize contaminated data in large datasets
Outline the implications of complexity for the application of statistical ideas in geography
Explain what is meant by the term “contaminated data,” suggesting how it can arise
Describe difficulties in dealing with large spatial databases, especially those arising from spatial heterogeneity

Describe the concept of ecological fallacy, and comment on its relationship with the MAUP
Describe the MAUP and its affects on correlation, regression, and classification
Describe the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) associated with aggregation of data collected at different scales and its affect on spatial autocorrelation

Compare and contrast the missions, histories, constituencies, and activities of professional organizations including Association of American Geographers (AAG), America Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS), Geospatial Information and Technology Association (GITA), Management Association for Private Photogrammetric Surveyors (MAPPS), and Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA)
Identify conferences that are related to GIS&T hosted by professional organizations
Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the GIS Certification Institute (GISCI)

Select appropriate projections for world or regional scales that are suited to specific map purposes and phenomena with specific directional orientations or thematic areal aggregations
Determine the parameters needed to optimize the pattern of scale distortion that is associated with a given map projection for a particular mapping goal and area of interest
Diagnose an inappropriate projection choice for a given map and suggest an alternative
Construct a map projection suited to a given purpose and geographic location
Identify the most salient projection property of various generic mapping goals (e.g., choropleth map, navigation chart, flow map)
Identify the map projections commonly used for certain types of maps
Explain why certain map projection properties have been associated with specific map types

Compare and contrast error propagation techniques (e.g., Taylor, Monte Carlo)
Explain how some operations can exacerbate error while others dampen it (e.g., mean filter)

Formalize attribute values and domains in terms of set theory
Develop alternative forms of representations for situations in which attributes do not adequately capture meaning
Define Stevens’ four levels of measurement (i.e., nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)
Describe particular geographic phenomena in terms of attributes
Determine the proper uses of attributes based on their domains
Characterize the domains of attributes in a GIS, including continuous and discrete, qualitative and quantitative, absolute and relative
Recognize situations and phenomena in the landscape which cannot be adequately represented by formal attributes, such as aesthetics
Compare and contrast the theory that properties are fundamental (and objects are human simplifications of patterns thereof) with the theory that objects are fundamental (and properties are attributes thereof)
Recognize attribute domains that do not fit well into Stevens’ four levels of measurement such as cycles, indexes, and hierarchies

Explain the legal concept “property regime”
Compare and contrast the U.S. federal government’s policy regarding rights to geospatial data with similar policies in other countries
Compare and contrast the consequences of different national policies about rights to geospatia data in terms of the real costs of spatial data, their coverage, accuracy, uncertainty, reliability, validity, and maintenance
Describe organizations’ and governments’ incentives to treat geospatial information as property
Outline arguments for and against the notion of information as a public good
Argue for and against the treatment of geospatial information as a commodity

Describe real world applications where distance decay is an appropriate representation of the strength of spatial relationships (e.g., shopping behavior, property values)
Explain the rationale for using different forms of distance decay functions
Explain how a semi-variogram describes the distance decay in dependence between data values
Outline the geometry implicit in classical “gravity” models of distance decay
Plot typical forms for distance decay functions
Write typical forms for distance decay functions
Write a program to create a matrix of pair-wise distances among a set of points
Describe real world applications where distance decay would not be an appropriate representation of the strength of spatial relationships (e.g., distance education, commuting, telecommunications)

Critique the assertion that public participation GIS promotes democracy
Explain how community organizations’ use of geospatial technologies can alter existing community power relations
Explain how geospatial technologies can assist community organizations at each rung of the ladder of public participation
Explain the challenge of representing within current GIS software local knowledge that is neither easily mapped nor verified
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of six models of GIS availability, including communitybased GIS, university-community partnerships, GIS facilities in universities and public libraries, “Map rooms,” Internet map servers, and neighborhood GIS centers.
Explain why some community organizations may encounter more difficulty than others in acquiring geospatial data from public and private organizations

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