2017 QUARTER 04

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W

Explain why plane coordinates are sometimes preferable to geographic coordinates
Identify the map projection(s) upon which UTM coordinate systems are based, and explain the relationship between the projection(s) and the coordinate system grid
Discuss the magnitude and cause of error associated with UTM coordinates
Differentiate the characteristics and uses of the UTM coordinate system from the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) and the World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF)
Explain what State Plane Coordinates system (SPC) eastings and northings represent
Associate SPC coordinates and zone specifications with corresponding positions on a U.S. map or globe
Identify the map projection(s) upon which SPC coordinate systems are based, and explain the relationship between the projection(s) and the coordinate system grids
Discuss the magnitude and cause of error associated with SPC coordinates
Recommend the most appropriate plane coordinate system for applications at different spatial extents and justify the recommendation
Critique the U.S. Geological Survey’s choice of UTM as the standard coordinate system for the U.S. National Map
Describe the characteristics of the “national grids” of countries other than the U.S.
Explain what Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) eastings and northings represent
Associate UTM coordinates and zone specifications with corresponding position on a world map or globe

List the conditions that make point pattern analysis a suitable process
Identify the various ways point patterns may be described
Identify various types of K-function analysis
Describe how Independent Random Process/Chi-Squared Result (IRP/CSR) may be used to make statistical statements about point patterns
Outline measures of pattern based on first and second order properties such as the mean center and standard distance, quadrat counts, nearest neighbor distance, and the more modern G, F, and K functions
Outline the basis of classic critiques of spatial statistical analysis in the context of point pattern analysis
Explain how distance-based methods of point pattern measurement can be derived from a distance matrix
Explain how proximity polygons (e.g., Thiessen polygons) may be used to describe point patterns
Explain how the K function provides a scale-dependent measure of dispersion
Compute measures of overall dispersion and clustering of point datasets using nearest neighbor distance statistics

Recognize the constraints that political forces place on geospatial applications in public and private sectors
Evaluate the influences of political ideologies (e.g., Marxism, Capitalism, conservative/liberal) on the understanding of geographic information
Evaluate the influences of political actions, especially the allocation of territory, on human perceptions of space and place

Explain the distinction between primary and secondary data sources in terms of census data, cartographic data, and remotely sensed data
Describe a scenario in which data from a secondary source may pose obstacles to effective and efficient use

Identify and define the parameters of a semi-variogram (range, sill, nugget)
Demonstrate how semi-variograms react to spatial nonstationarity
Construct a semi-variogram and illustrate with a semi-variogram cloud
Describe the relationships between semi-variograms and correlograms, and Moran’s indices of spatial association

Explain how spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity violate the Gauss-Markov assumptions of regression used in traditional econometrics
Demonstrate how the spatial weights matrix is fundamental in spatial econometrics models
Demonstrate why spatial autocorrelation among regression residuals can be an indication that spatial variables have been omitted from the models
Demonstrate how spatially lagged, trend surface, or dummy spatial variables can be used to create the spatial component variables missing in a standard regression analysis
Describe the general types of spatial econometric models

Identify some of the key commercial activities that provided an impetus for the development of GIS&T
Differentiate the dominant industries using geospatial technologies during the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s
Describe the contributions of McHarg and other practitioners in developing geographic analysis methods later incorporated into GIS
Evaluate the correspondence between advances in hardware and operating system technology and changes in GIS software
Describe the influence of evolving computer hardware and of private sector hardware firms such as IBM on the emerging GIS software industry
Discuss the emergence of the GIS software industry in terms of technology evolution and markets served by firms such as ESRI, Intergraph, and ERDAS

Recognize the challenges of implementing and using geospatial technologies
Create a charter or hypothesis that defines and justifies the mission of a GIS to solve existing problems
Define an enterprise GIS in terms of institutional missions and goals
Identify geographic tasks for which particular geospatial technologies are not adequate or sufficient
Identify what is typically needed to garner support among managers for designing and/or creating a GIS

Describe the problem of conflation associated with aggregation of data collected at different times, from different sources, and to different scales and accuracy requirements
Explain how geostatistical techniques might be used to address such problems

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