GD4-2 - Vertical datums
![](https://gistbok.ucgis.org/sites/default/files/styles/blog_image/public/BoK1_Cover.jpg?itok=_4GrTg8_)
- Explain how a vertical datum is established
- Differentiate between NAVD 29 and NAVD 88
- Illustrate the difference between a vertical datum and a geoid
- Illustrate the relationship among the concepts ellipsoidal (or geodetic) height, geoidal height, and orthometric elevation
- Outline the historical development of vertical datums
DN1-4 - Vector-to-raster and raster-to-vector conversions