Describe a “bottom-up” simulation from an activity-perspective with changes in the locations and/or activities the individual person (and/or vehicle) in space and time, in the activity patterns and space-time trajectories created by these activity patterns, and in the consequent emergent phenomena, such as traffic jams and land-use patterns
Describe how various parameters in an agent-based model can be modified to evaluate the range of behaviors possible with a model specification
Describe how measurements on the output of a model can be used to describe model behavior
Plan an aerial imagery mission in response to a given request for proposals and map of a study area, taking into consideration vertical and horizontal control, atmospheric conditions, time of year, and time of day
Identify GIS application domains in which true 3-D models of natural phenomena are necessary
Illustrate the use of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) to model landscapes in 3-D
Explain how octatrees are the 3-D extension of quadtrees
Explain how voxels and stack-unit maps that show the topography of a series of geologic layers might be considered 3-D extensions of field and vector representations respectively
Explain how 3-D models can be extended to additional dimensions
Explain the use of multi-patching to represent 3-D objects
Explain the difficulties in creating true 3-D objects in a vector or raster format
Differentiate between 21/2-D representations and true 3-D models
Differentiate among modeling uncertainty for entire datasets, for features, and for individual data values
Describe SQL extensions for querying uncertainty information in databases
Describe extensions to relational DBMS to represent different types of uncertainty in attributes, including both vagueness/fuzziness and error-based uncertainty
Discuss the role of metadata in representing and communicating dataset-level uncertainty
Create a GIS database that models uncertain information
Identify whether it is important to represent uncertainty in a particular GIS application
Describe the architecture of data models (both field- and object-based) to represent feature-level and datum-level uncertainty
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of existing uncertainty models based on storage efficiency, query performance, ease of data entry, and ability to implement in existing software
Modelling accessibility involves combining ideas about destinations, distance, time, and impedances to measure the relative difficulty an individual or aggregate region faces when attempting to reach a facility, service, or resource. In its simplest form, modelling accessibility is about quantifying movement opportunity. Crucial to modelling accessibility is the calculation of the distance, time, or cost distance between two (or more) locations, which is an operation that geographic information systems (GIS) have been designed to accomplish. Measures and models of accessibility thus draw heavily on the algorithms embedded in a GIS and represent one of the key applied areas of GIS&T.
A multispectral image comprises a set of co-registered images, each of which captures the spatially varying brightness of a scene in a specific spectral band, or electromagnetic wavelength region. An image is structured as a raster, or grid, of pixels. Multispectral images are used as a visual backdrop for other GIS layers, to provide information that is manually interpreted from images, or to generate automatically-derived thematic layers, for example through classification. The scale of multispectral images has spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal components. Each component of scale has two aspects, extent (or coverage), and grain (or resolution). The brightness variations of an image are determined by factors that include (1) illumination variations and effects of the atmosphere, (2) spectral properties of materials in the scene (particularly reflectance, but also, depending on the wavelength, emittance), (3) spectral bands of the sensor, and (4) display options, such as the contrast stretch, which affect the visualization of the image. This topic review focuses primarily on optical remote sensing in the visible, near infrared and shortwave infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, with an emphasis on satellite imagery.
AM-82 - Microsimulation and calibration of agent activities