2016 QUARTER 03

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W

List the likely sources of error in slope and aspect maps derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) and state the circumstances under which these can be very severe
Outline how higher order derivatives of height can be interpreted
Explain how slope and aspect can be represented as the vector field given by the first derivative of height
Explain why the properties of spatial continuity are characteristic of spatial surfaces
Explain why zero slopes are indicative of surface specific points such as peaks, pits, and passes, and list the conditions necessary for each
Design an algorithm that calculates slope and aspect from a triangulated irregular network (TIN) model
Outline a number of different methods for calculating slope from a DEM

Identify the hardware and space that will be needed for a GIS implementation
Compare and contrast the relative merits of housing GISs within IT (information technology) and MIS (management information system) facilities versus keeping them separate
Collaborate effectively with various units in an institution to develop efficient hardware and space solutions
Hypothesize the ways in which capital needs for GIS may change in the future

Describe the difference between prescriptive and descriptive cartographic models
Develop a flowchart of a cartographic model for a site suitability problem
Discuss the origins of cartographic modeling with reference to the work of Ian McHarg

Discuss the perspectives of Brian Harley and others on the political motivation for the development of certain kinds of maps
Discuss the Swiss influence on map design and production, highlighting Imhof’s contributions
Outline the development of some of the major map projections (e.g., Mercator, Gnomonic, Robinson)
Explain how Bertin has influenced trends in cartographic symbolization
Explain how technological changes have affected cartographic design and production
Explain the impact of advances in visualization methods on the evolution of cartography
Compare and contrast cartographic developments in various countries and world regions such as Switzerland, France, China, the Middle East, and Greece
Discuss the influence of some cartographers of the 16th and 17th centuries (Mercator, Ortelius, Jansson, Homann and others)
Describe how compilation, production, and distribution methods used in map-making have evolved
Describe how symbolization methods used in map-making have evolved
Describe the contributions by Robinson, Jenks, Raisz, and others to U.S. academic cartography
Discuss the relationship between the history of exploration and the development of a more accurate map of the world

Discuss the impact that mapping on the Web via applications such as Google Earth have had on the practice of cartography
Explain how emerging technologies in related fields (e.g., the stereoplotter, aerial and satellite imagery, GPS and LiDAR, the World Wide Web, immersive and virtual environments) have advanced cartography and visualization methods
Explain how MacEachren’s Cartography-cubed (C3) concept can be used to understand the evolving role of cartography and visualization
Explain how software innovations such as Synagraphic Mapping System (SYMAP), Surfer, and automated contouring methods have affected the design of maps
Evaluate the advantages and limitations of various technological approaches to mapping
Select new technologies in related fields that have the most potential for use in cartography and visualization

Explain the human tendency to simplify the world using categories
Identify specific examples of categories of entities (i.e., common nouns), properties (i.e., adjectives), space (i.e., regions), and time (i.e., eras)
Explain the role of categories in common-sense conceptual models, everyday language, and analytical procedures
Recognize and manage the potential problems associated with the use of categories (e.g., the ecological fallacy)
Construct taxonomies and dictionaries (also known as formal ontologies) to communicate systems of categories
Describe the contributions of category theory to understanding the internal structure of categories
Document the personal, social, and/or institutional meaning of categories used in GIS applications
Create or use GIS data structures to represent categories, including attribute columns, layers/themes, shapes, and legends
Use categorical information in analysis, cartography, and other GIS processes, avoiding common interpretation mistakes
Reconcile differing common-sense and official definitions of common geospatial categories of entities, attributes, space, and time

Analyze the advantages and limitations of CA geospatial representations
Explain how the use of CA to represent a geographical region relates to how places in a region are interconnected
Describe how CA might represent a geographical region
Describe how local and global transitional rules are handled in CA
Describe how the rules of the Game of Life typically result in a continuously evolving pattern
Explain two geographical processes that could be effectively represented using CA
Explain two geographical processes that could not be effectively represented using CA
Describe classic CA transition rules
Describe the challenges of calibrating CA models
Explain how temporal concepts are implemented in CA models
Describe error sources of CA models

Illustrate the GBF/DIME data model
Describe a Freeman-Huffman chain code
Describe the relationship of Freeman-Huffman chain codes to the raster model
Discuss the impact of early prototype data models (e.g., POLYVRT and GBF/DIME) on contemporary vector formats
Describe the relationship between the GBF/DIME and TIGER structures, the rationale for their design, and their intended primary uses, paying particular attention to the role of graph theory in establishing the difference between GBF/DIME and TIGER files
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of POLYVRT
Explain what makes POLYVRT a hierarchical vector data model

Identify several cluster detection techniques and discuss their limitations
Demonstrate the extension of spatial clustering to deal with clustering in space-time using the Know and Mantel tests
Perform a cluster detection analysis to detect “hot spots” in a point pattern
Discuss the characteristics of the various cluster detection techniques

Compare and contrast the ethical guidelines promoted by the GIS Certification Institute (GISCI) and the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS)
Propose a resolution to a conflict between an obligation in the GIS Code of Ethics and organizations’ proprietary interests
Explain how one or more obligations in the GIS Code of Ethics may conflict with organizations’ proprietary interests
Describe the sanctions imposed by ASPRS and GISCI on individuals whose professional actions violate the codes of ethics

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